Potential Crimes And Its Effects On Children s College Fund

Potential Crimes UTMA Violations Pat had completely drained his children s college fund account. Under the UTMA, any funds gifted to children, whether or not the donor is a/the custodian of the account, become an immediately-vested and irrevocable gift. Pat, as a potential custodian of a UTMA account, would have a fiduciary duty to use the money in the best interest of his children, such as investing the money to earn interest revenue. It is not in the children s best interest for their father to gamble with their college funds. Therefore, the money put into the college funds could have been property of the children and should not have been mishandled by Pat to support his gambling addiction. Note that it is currently unknown the exact†¦show more content†¦He then attempted to flee New Jersey. His behavior suggests that he knew his crimes were wrong. Pat s excessive gambling shows that he has an addiction, not that he was incapable of knowing whether his crimes were wrong or not. A psychiatrist can testify that an addiction should not stop a person from knowing the difference between right and wrong. Necessity Crimes of necessity are crimes committed to prevent a greater crime. A person attempting this defense must show that there was no reasonable alternative, he ceased illegal activity when the threat passed, and he did not create such danger. Though Pat s life and his families lives were under threat from the loan shark, his crimes were not of necessity. A reasonable alternative would have been to go directly to the police and report such threats. Because the threat was not immediate, any bodily harm would occur if Pat did not repay the loan, Pat could have easily escaped such threat, as he was given six (6) months to fully repay the loan. Pat was also fully aware of the terms of the loan upon its acceptance. He, in essence, created the threat on multiple lives, including his own. Duress To the best of our knowledge, no one had forced Pat to commit the aforementioned crimes. Had he been forced, the threat he faced must have been immediate and inescapable. Police Misconduct The police misconduct related to this case is discussed below. Police Misconduct â€Å"Miranda† Violations Any and allShow MoreRelatedInner City School Analysis : I Am A Promise Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis In the United States, students’ education is effected primarily by the economy and location. Schools located in low income, high crime areas negatively affect students’ learning abilities. There are a few key factors in determining a student’s success in school, funding, programs, teachers and home life. Low income students should have the same resources as children from wealthier areas. 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Descriptive and Predictive Analysis Essay - 1219 Words

Descriptive Analytics is about describing the historical performance. By applying these techniques to the level of performance, information can be very specific to product, customer, channel, supplier and other key operational areas of focus. This will help validate data to be organized and be used in a repeatable process, in order to have confidence in the information and to make it actionable. This will help companies to evolve from â€Å"standard cost to serve† approach to â€Å"total cost to serve† approach thus identifying immediate cost and revenue opportunities and take confidant action to utilize them. Prescriptive Analysis is about identification of optimum business outcomes by combining historical data, mathematical models, variables,†¦show more content†¦Additional advantage of Big Data in future will be derived from blending the intelligence of the people who have deep understanding of operations, with the power of increased machine driven operational insights. 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Scientific Research Free Essays

Scientific Research Scientific Research is method based on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data within a framework. It is Information based on empirical, based on observation or measurement of relevant information or free from bias or emotions and objectivity. All aspects of the investigation are described in sufficient detail, so that the study can be repeated by anyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scientific research focuses on solving problems and pursues a step by step logical, organized, and rigorous method to identify the problems, gather data analyze them and draw valid conclusion. Scientific method is techniques or procedures used to analyze empirical evidence in an attempt to confirm of disprove prior concepts† Empirical means something is verifiable by observation, experimentation, or experience. Characteristics of Scientific Research 1. Purposive ness 2. Rigor 3. Testability 4. Replicability 5. Precision and Confidence 6. Objectivity 7. Generalizability 8. Parsimony Purposive ness research start with a definite aim and purpose. Example: The focus is on increasing the commitment of employees to the organization, as this will beneficial in many ways. Less absentees, increased performance level. Rigorous research involves a good theoretical base and a carefully thought out methodology. For example: The manager of a company ask 10-12 employees to indicate what would their level of commitment. If he solely reaches on conclusion how employee commitment can be increased. Its unscientific method. Testability: Formulation of hypothesis and its testability. To test logically developed hypothesis to see whether or not the data support the hypotheses developed after the careful study of the problem situation. For Example: Taking the previous example, the manager or researcher develop certain hypothesis on how employment commitment can be enhanced, then these can be tested by applying certain statistical tests to the data collected for the purpose. Replicability: Repetition of results. If similar finding emerge on the basis of data collected by other organizations employing the same method. To put t differently, the results of test hypotheses should be supported again and yet the same type of research is repeated in similar circumstances. Precision and Confidence Precision: It refers to the closeness of the findings to â€Å"reality† based on a sample. It reflects the degree of accuracy of the results on the basis of the sample, to what really exists in the universe. Confidence: Probability that our estimations are correct. Confidently claim that 95% of the time our results would be true. Objectivity: The conclusion drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective; it should be based on the facts of the findings derived from the actual data and not on our own subjective or emotional values. Generalizability: It refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to others. Parsimony: Simplicity in explaining phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems, it is always proffered to complex research frameworks that considered an unmanageable number of factors. The Hypothetico- Deductive Method 1. Observation 2. Preliminary information gathering 3. Theory formulation 4. Hypothesizing 5. Scientific data collection 6. Data analysis 7. Deduction How to cite Scientific Research, Essays

Inherent Power Imbalance in the Physiotherapist-Free-Samples

Questions: Write a reflection about obtain the clints informed consent befor acting and acknowledge the inherent power imbalance in the physiotherapist working in aged care- Client therapeutic relationship. Answers: According to the Code of Conduct under the Physiotherapy Board of Australia, an individual gives informed consent to demonstrate his or her voluntary decision in accordance to understanding and knowledge of healthcare benefits and risks (physiotherapyboard.gov.au, 2018). According to Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, during informed consent, physiotherapists should share information with clients to know about their wishes, needs, preferences and nature of condition (Hammond, Cross Moore, 2016). As a physiotherapist, I need to conduct good practice as obtaining informed consent before undertaking any investigation or examination. For obtaining informed consent, I will not try to influence my decision on my clients and allow them to take their own decisions about participation in the physiotherapy session. Within my scope for practice, I have to provide intelligible and adequate information about the physical therapy session to my clients providing clear explanation of important parameters. The planned assessment or examination, diagnosis, evaluation and prognosis, interventions, risks, expected benefits, anticipated time period, costs and any alternatives (Galeoto et al., 2015). Most importantly, I have to ascertain that whether my client has the ability to understand the above parameters in seeking consent as in case of aged care. In addition, I also need to record in my documentation confirming that informed consent is taken. While taking consent, it is my responsibility to comply with the codes of conduct, professional standards and ethical principles in physiotherapy. After the procedure, I learned that informed consent is crucial and as a physiotherapist, I need to be aware of it before undertaking any session that greatly affects my practice. I understand that in my profession, I need to engage directly with patients and through informed consent; I will be able to construct a therapeutic relationship with my client aiming to build rapport and trust. Moreover, I also learned that informed consent acts as a communication medium that nudge patients into consenting for evaluation, assessments and treatments. Informed consent is a crucial component at the professional level and educational programs in physical therapy (Cameron et al., 2013). The activity of informed consent greatly influenced my scope of practice in physiotherapy. Although, client autonomy is important in a physiotherapy session, a shared decision-making is embedded in a client-therapist relationship. This helps to build rapport and trust and impose legal and ethical obligations in physiotherapy practice (Josephson et al., 2015). Apart from therapeutic relationship, there should also be acknowledgement of maintaining professional boundaries with clients. I understood that I have to maintain a therapeutic relationship with my client and imbalance of power inherent in the client-therapist relationship. This can be explained in manner that as a physiotherapist, there is an existence of element of risk in having both personal as well as therapeutic relationship with client simultaneously. In such cases, there is inherent power imbalance and difficulty in maintaining therapeutic relationship. The components of therapeutic relationship place the needs and preferences of clients at the foremost within the core of professional practice. In this relationship, professional needs to consider and manage boundaries of power, respect, trust and closeness with clients (physiotherapyboard.gov.au, 2018). References Cameron, I. D., Fairhall, N., Langron, C., Lockwood, K., Monaghan, N., Aggar, C., ... Kurrle, S. E. (2013). A multifactorial interdisciplinary intervention reduces frailty in older people: randomized trial.BMC medicine,11(1), 65. Galeoto, G., Mollica, R., Astorino, O., Cecchi, R. (2015). Informed consent in physiotherapy: proposal of a form.Giornale italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia,37(4), 245-254. Hammond, R., Cross, V., Moore, A. (2016). The construction of professional identity by physiotherapists: a qualitative study.Physiotherapy,102(1), 71-77. Josephson, I., Woodward-Kron, R., Delany, C., Hiller, A. (2015). Evaluative language in physiotherapy practice: How does it contribute to the therapeutic relationship?.Social Science Medicine,143, 128-136. physiotherapyboard.gov.au. (2018).Physiotherapy Board of Australia - Code of conduct.Physiotherapyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 13 February 2018, from https://www.physiotherapyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines/Code-of-conduct.aspx

Consumer Psychology Essay Example

Consumer Psychology Essay PART B DEFINITION Consumer psychology is a specialty area that studies how our thoughts, beliefs, feelings and perceptions influence how people buy and relate to goods and services. One formal definition of the field describes it as the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. STAGES IN CONSUMER DECISION MAKING PROCESS CONSUMER INDIVIDUAL FACTORS Consumer individual factor is divided by five. Age, occupation, economic situation, lifestyle and personality. This five factors is affected to consumer behavior to buy same product or services. †¢Age Age and life-cycle have potential impact on the consumer buying behavior. It is obvious that the consumers change the purchase of goods and services with the passage of time. Family life-cycle consists of different stages such young singles, married couples, unmarried couples etc which help marketers to develop appropriate products for each stage. 00PLUS product affects to this categories because when adult, people are active doing some sport and they need 1ooPLUS because 1 0 0 P L U S ’scientifically-testedi sotonic formulation of carbohydrates, electrolytes and water enables faster and more effective hydration, thus enhancing a person’s capability to perform at his or her peak. In fact, in a recent study, 100PLUS was clinically proven to rehydrate and re-energise fa ster, and provides 43% more endurance, than water alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The advertising also can attract consumer to buy this product because they use number 1 badminton player Dato Lee Chong Wei in the advertisement. This can attract people because many people use Dato Lee Chong Wei as their idol. †¢Occupation The occupation of a person has significant impact on his buying behavior. For example a manger in sport center selling 100PLUS product in the business to make more profit. This is because they know that when people sports, they need to cover back their energy and 100PLUS product is suitable in this situation. Economic Situation Consumer economic situation has great influence on his buying behavior. If the income and savings of a customer is high then he will purchase more expensive products. On the other hand, a person with low income and savings will purchase inexpensive products. However, 100PLUS product is suitable to all economic situation status because the price is not expensive. Beside that, they use Dato Lee Chong Wei in advertising m ake this product is more popular that the other product. †¢Lifestyle Lifestyle of customers is another import factor affecting the consumer buying behavior. Lifestyle refers to the way a person lives in a society and is expressed by the things in his/her surroundings. It is determined by customer interests, opinions, activities etc and shapes his whole pattern of acting and interacting in the world. When people active in sporting, they need a carbohydrate water to make they still have energy to continue sports. People hwo active in played badminton also attractive to the advertisement because they want to became like Dato Lee Chong Wei. Personality Personality changes from person to person, time to time and place to place. Therefore it can greatly influence the buying behavior of customers. Actually, Personality is not what one wears; rather it is the totality of behavior of a man in different circumstances. It has different characteristics such as: dominance, aggressiveness, self-confidence etc which can be useful to determine the consumer behavior f or particular product or service. This also can attract people who like to do something challenging because they need energy to become vigorous. MOTIVATION AND GOAL People who drink 100Plus will motivate they self because it will bring back they energy to achieve they goal. BRAND PERSONALITY Brand personality is the way a brand speaks and behaves. It means assigning human personality traits/characteristics to a brand so as to achieve differentiation. These characteristics signify brand behaviour through both individuals representing the brand as well as through advertising, packaging, etc. When brand image or brand identity is expressed in terms of human traits, it is called brand personality. Advantage-already popular in Malaysia, has many flavor, restore energy quickly easily to find. Disadvantage-100plus is only isotonic water. CONSUMER IMAGERY Consumers have a number of enduring perceptions, or images, which are particulari relavant to the study of consumer behavior. These include the image they hold of themselves, and their perceived images of products and product categories, of retail stores, and of producers. People will find 100Plus because they know that 100Plus is a isotonic drink and its to restore energy. 100Plus also more cheaper then another isotonic drink. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY 100 PLUS 100 PLUS Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. These five needs are as follows- Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life. Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongingness, and friendship. Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types: internal esteem needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and freedom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention and admiration). Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment. It also includes desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully satiable. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep cropping up to continue growing. From this theory that 100plus at the esteem needs level because people need it to restore energy to make they achieve what they target and make people proud to them.

Meghry Paper 2

Meghry Paper 2 Meghry Paper 2 Elise Berberian GBUS 600 T 7-9:45 Fall 2014 Management paper It can easily be said that there are hundreds of thousands of companies, big and small, in our quickly evolving world today. It can also undoubtedly be said that not ONE of those companies run at maximum efficiency, with the non-error rate of one hundred percent. This does not imply that the products and services that these companies are providing are not â€Å"perfect† but that the structure in itself cannot be unflawed. A â€Å"perfect† company simply does not exist. There are many contributing factors to this issue: managerial skills, employee inefficiencies, communication issues, dissatisfaction, demotivation, hygiene, technological advances, etc. The list goes on and on, but what we, as students and future leaders, need to do is study and understand managerial theories from great authors such as Fredrick W. Taylor, Frederick Herzberg and Henry Mintzberg, and apply them into our world today. For most companies, the mutual goal between employee and employer, ac cording to Taylor (1911), should be â€Å"maximum prosperity† for both parties, which oddly enough, is not always the case. (Taylor, 1911, p.2) Why is this? Our country’s productivity levels are not running to full capacity and employees are deliberately working inefficiently. Companies are suffering from employees underworking to avoid a full day’s work, also known as soldiering (Taylor, 1911, p.4). The topic of soldiering was one that stuck with me when reading these articles about these managerial theories. During my senior year of high school, I began working at a big law firm, which had recently merged and was looking to hire a second file clerk. Although the firm was reluctant about hiring someone my age, as my first job, I was eager to do well and prove that I was worthy. I was the first one to clock in and would have all my tasks completed before the end of the workday. My level of productivity was at its maximum efficiency. Although I was praised by some of my coworkers for my diligence, I was being condemned by the other file clerk. As a naà ¯ve seventeen-year-old, I couldn’t understand why I was resented for doing exactly what was required of me in a proficient manner. I eventually had to confront the senior file clerk and during our conversation, she subtly explained to me the art of â€Å"soldiering.† I was dumbfounded and opposed to the idea. Soon after that, every morning I would dread going into work with fear that I would be chastised. My work environment became so hostile, that I ultimately had to quit. As I reminisce on my first job, there are recommendations that I feel inclined to present to my old firm, the main suggestion being: 1) To eliminate any employee who intentionally works slowly and imposes that work ethic and 2) To give recognition to those who are assiduous. Reprimanding soldiering employees will give incentive for others to work hard, increasing efficiency and making a favorable w ork environment, which will in turn bring more prosperity to the employer and the employee. Fast-forward 5 years later, I am officially a college graduate, motivated to jump into a long-term career. I knew I wanted to be in the industry of Real Estate. That entire summer was dedicated to studying and analyzing all things related to real estate. I had finally earned my license and was ready to practice. After interviewing with many brokers, I decided to hang my license with a well-known brokerage company that had hundreds of agents working under it. My days consisted of making hundreds of cold calls a day, almost all of which were dead leads, all in a confined work space. After speaking to one the managing brokers, the least I could say is that I was extremely discouraged, with zero job satisfaction. I knew something had to give. I decided to change companies and work for a smaller, yet more hands-on firm. My Broker, whom I still look up to today as a great leader, helped me rediscover my

Facilities Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Facilities Management - Essay Example This integration actually links the system or the project with the external environment along with the different available resources. It acts positively in infrastructure development and efficient use of the project (Project Integration, p.1). Business value talks about the company's condition and strength in the long term. When we consider the business value we not only mean the firm's worth and value in the future only, but also its importance and usefulness to all its stakeholders including customers, suppliers, shareholders etc. In addition to it, for the measure of any organization's business value both tangible and intangible assets are equally important. For years the concept of business value is taken into consideration in many different ways but one cannot deny the fact that the linkage of external environment with the internal environment of the company has an impact on the business value as a whole. It is immensely important for the success and growth of an organization that all the related areas are linked effectively so that a perfect business value for a firm can be maintained (Business Value, p.1). On the contrary, real estate market value deals with the immovable property or land along with anything that is built on it, for example building.

Pre-testing of Advertisement before Launching Essay

Pre-testing of Advertisement before Launching - Essay Example Coulter (2005. pp43-44) termed this as attitude change as a function of information processing & "persuasive communication". Coulter termed the attitude change as quantitative effect of advertisement and variation in thinking as a result of advertisement as qualitative effect of advertisement. Chaudhuri (2001. pp275) discovered some evidence of the effects of advertisement that the dimensions of customer emotions are strongly linked with the perception of risks in purchasing products & services. In fact the author also established that negative emotions have much stronger influence than positive emotions the in way that the same create threatening consumption scenarios for customers thus leading to negative perceptions of risks pertaining to the products & services. Also it was observed by the author that the perceptions of risks are more prevalent in products where the customers tend to actively analyze the pros & cons of acquiring them. It was surprising to be observed that alcohol & cigarettes, in spite of display of clear warning messages, were highly consumed by the users given that they buy these products more because of addiction rather than need. In this context, the author also appreciates the comment by Wang and Minor (2008. pp198) that "Marketing research needs to pursue more precise, comprehensive, and unbiased measurements of the psychological processes to reflect a broader and deeper intellectual understanding of the human mind's mechanism". Looking into these complex expected reactions of consumers, it is highly risky to launch an advertisement to customers without carrying out psychological effectiveness tests of the campaigns. In fact, if the advertisements are launched without such tests and the results are disastrously negative perceptions in customer's mind, then the damages thus caused may take ages to be repaired and sometimes may even get rendered as absolutely irreparable. For example, in a very recent research Hansen and Strick et al (2009. pp145) challenged an old myth that humour makes the impact of an advertisement very effective. After an impressive survey on this subject they realized that humour in advertising reduces memory of brand names as it distracts the customers from brand names from even within the advertisements. They discovered that customers only remember the humour but not the company and its brand names. Also, customers may not take such products seriously although they appreciate the humour a lot. This discovery may shatter empirical generalizations that have been letting millions of dollars getting shed on some conceptual framework that is traditionally perceived to be effective only to be realized now that the output was more damaging and against the objectives of the campaign. This justifies that campaigns should be tested effectively before they can be launched to actual end customers. Having said that, it needs to be understood and emphasized that this is not an easy phenomena. The advertisement designers need to come out of the shell and comfort zone and be ready to face the criticism from the testers of the advertisement. The testers need to be certain individuals that have no stake

Two Requirements of Mental State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Two Requirements of Mental State - Essay Example In order to understand such concepts, this paper will use the case of a friend who was recently involved in an accident and cannot be allowed to leave hospital since the doctors are unsure of the student’s mental state. Doctors claim that her brain is not normal whereas she has a clear memory of the accident and behaves in the same way as before. In my opinion of whether the hospitalized friend ha mental states or not, I believe that one can have a mental state even without an organic brain. Moreover, behaving like a human being does not prove that one has a mental state. The hospitalized friend does not show a normal range of mental states, but she shows some mental states. All the doctors in the cases have different perspectives on mental state. Their arguments represent different philosophical theories. The first doctor claims that mental states are type-identical to states of the human brain and since the patient in our case lacks a normal brain, he cannot have mental states. Doctor two said that the patient had some mental states since he could behave exactly like others but insisted that the patient did not have all of mental states. Thus in doctor two’s view, right behavior is only a necessary condition of mental states. Doctor three believes that mental states required a Cartesian soul. Dr. four disagrees and claims that same behavior is sufficient for mental states. Dr. Five rejected that human brain is necessary for mental states. In addition, he claims that if what in the patient’s head is a digital computer, then he cannot have mental states. All doctors are represent some philosophical theories. Dr. #1 is an identity theorist, #2 believes functionalism and Dr. #3 is a Cartesian. Dr. #4 is behaviorist and #5 represents parts of John Searle’s view that against machine can possibly think. This paper will focus on discuss Dr #1 and Dr #5. It is important to understand what a mental

Policy Changes for Working and Single Parents

Policy Changes for Working and Single Parents Compare the way that successive governments have responded to the needs of working parents. Introduction This paper aims to compare the way that successive governments have responded to the needs of working parents. There will be a particular focus on women as working parents, particularly as there has been a focus over the last twenty years on women as single parents and their over-reliance on state benefits. The paper will begin with reference to the post-war welfare state and then move on to how both Conservative and Labour Government’s in recent years, have dealt with the issue of working parents’ needs. The Welfare State In 1942 Earnest Beveridge was concerned to combat the evils of poverty, disease and ignorance and he based his seminal report on this analysis. When the welfare state was set up one of its primary objectives was to support families by providing a range of services that would benefit families with children along with other services such as healthcare, education and housing. However, over time traditional concepts of the family with a male breadwinner, a stay at home wife and their children have changed. An ever increasing number of lone parent families has been problematic for governments during the last two decades. Lone parent families are almost always headed by a woman who has to combine childcare with work. This inevitably results in financial problems and means that lone parent families are among the poorest in the country (Moore, 2002). With lone parent families, and more married women going out to work because they are unable to manage on a single wage, there has been an increased need for a range of childcare services. The welfare state relies on the family because it provides the foundation for the provision of heal th and welfare services which is why most British social policy is based on the idea of the normal family. It was this notion that prompted Margaret Thatcher’s Government to call themselves the party of the family. This was a government where the New Right Approach to policy making became very influential. The only time that government should interfere in the corporate sector (that of the employers) was if one company had a monopoly and could control prices and access to goods. This belief in a free market economy soon became evident in Government policy making and was introduced into the health and education sectors. Privatisation was the order of the day. This was a Government which maintained that people had no automatic right to welfare. It was not the business of the state to look after you, rather people needed to learn to be responsible for their own care and their own future (Giddens, 2001). The conservatives made a distinction between those people who deserved help, people with physical or learning disabilities for example, and those who were not deserving, for example the young unemployed. These people, the Government believed were not entitled to any welfare provision. It was believed that the more the state helped some people the more they would not take responsibility and help themselves, Britain, they believed was becoming a dependency culture. Only those who were really in need should receive support and free healthcare and the rest should have to pay for it. Thus the Conservatives used means testing in an attempt to determine who was entitled to welfare and who wasn’t. Feminism and the Welfare State Feminists recognize that the welfare state has participated in advancing the cause of women’s emancipation. At the same time they recognize that the benefits paid fo lone mothers makes it difficult for them to leave violent or unsatisfactory relationships. The state tends to confine women to traditional relationships (maybe unintentionally) and to ‘women’s’ employment roles such as nursing or teaching (Moore, 2002). Feminists start from the position that men have more power in society than do women, however not all feminists are agreed in their approaches to the family and the welfare state. Thus many feminists have an ambivalent view of the welfare state and its relationship to women. Over the past twenty years feminists have written about, and critiqued, what they argue is the gendered nature of the welfare state and of Government policy making (Blackburn, 1995).[1] Blackburn (ibid) maintains that there has been a lot of important work which has challenged the ideologies that lay behind the 1942 Beveridge Report. Socialist feminists in particular were critical of the fact that women’s contribution to the war effort had been ignored. She maintains however, that rather than the Beveridge Report aiming to repress women, it was more a question of having to be mindful of the market forces in operation at that time. Pascall (1986) maintains that the underlying assumptions of the Beveridge Report were that married women would stay at home and be supported by their partners. There was no prediction of the vast number of married women who would enter the work place in the years following the Second World War. Pascall further maintains that this attitude has meant r esistant to reform and Britain tends to modify Beveridge’s findings rather than adhere to European rulings on equal opportunities. Pascall asserts that there is a need to put women in a picture that has been largely drawn by men (1986,p.6)[2]. Ideas centred on a man being able to earn enough to support a family benefited the capitalist economy and the working man at the expense of women (Barratt and Mackintosh, 1980). These writers further maintain that government policy making is still centred on the idea of a family wage. This notion is embedded in British society and has been a major reason for women’s continuing inequality with men. The idea that a man was entitled to earn a family wage but women were not has meant that women have, (and still do in a number of areas) earn less than men. Furthermore, the low pay which accompanies what is often termed ‘women’s work’ means that women’s choices are restricted and their economic powers within marriage have been reduced. Women and Policy Changes Women have been struggling to achieve equal status with men in the labour market since the late 1960s. Women’s efforts in this area saw the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1970. This said that women were entitled to the same pay as men if they were doing the same job. It became illegal under the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 to discriminate against women in education, in employment, and in the provision of goods. These changes did not satisfy the European Court, which demanded a strengthening of Britain’s Equal Pay Act in 1982. There was a further amendment in 1984 which allowed that women were entitled to the same pay as men in their organizations. This rested on women being able to prove that their work involved the same kinds of decision making and skills as those carried out by men. It also meant that they should have equal access and an equal chance for promotion to that of men. Until the late 1980s girls were less likely than boys to achieve the requisite number of A levels to enter university. In recent years there have been concerns about the growing underachievement of boys compared to girls. Girls are matching or exceeding boys across the curriculum and thus there are more women entering higher education. This does not, however, give them much advantage in the job market where they are disadvantaged in comparison with males who have the same qualification levels ( Epstein, et al, 1998). Moore (2002), however, maintains that things are changing, men have more domestic responsibility than they did 20 years ago and also a much greater involvement with their children than in the past. The government has recognized this through their introduction of parental leave. In the past only mothers were entitled to such leave. Parental leaves means that both parents can take legitimate time off, but in many cases men’s leave is unpaid and so often not taken. Women in the Workplace Census figures for 1991 tend to suggest that at the time, the workforce was 47% women. Needless to say there were regional and ethnic variations and single women were more likely to be in paid work than married women. (Abbott and Tyler, 1995). maintain that this is due to the fact that women’s participation in the labour market is affected by their domestic responsibilities.Women spend time out of the labour market when they have young children and then may work part time while children are at school. Many women do not return to full employment until their children are older. There growing number of women in the workplace has resulted in more flexibility in working arrangements to accommodate that. Crompton (1997) maintains that much of this springs from the increase in the number of part-time jobs available. Millar (1993) states that flexible working may look encouraging in terms of women’s visibility in paid work, but it also means that there are more women living in poverty than ever before. Most of these women are part-time and flexible workers. The only interest such flexibility serves is that of the employer because there is a need to be more competitive and to reduce labour costs while at the same time expecting greater worker productivity (Giddens,2001). The introduction, in the 1970s, of family credit was a move to encourage more people to go back to work. Those with low paying jobs would receive payments from the state through family credit. Critics of this policy argued that although it did provide low income families with some extra money it provided no incentive for low paying employers to increase wages. Changing Policy: The Third Way New Labour came into power in 1997. They offered a ‘third way’ approach. It is really an updated model of the original welfare state with new right influences. One of its concepts is o rely on the importance of successful businesses to bring in the wealth for the rest of society and to increase employment levels. It also argues for an end to discrimination based on gender roles and on race, despite this it is still a party that holds to the concept of the traditional family. The present government promotes a more integrated approach to policy making thus the number of areas having an effect on benefits has been increased. Benefits are no longer the sole preserve of the Department for Work and Pensions, the Inland Revenue and the treasury have also become important providers with tax credit schemes being used to offer an alternative method of social protection. Family Credit was replaced by Working Families’ Tax Credits and Children’s Tax Credits in April 2001. These were meant to guarantee families a minimum weekly income.[3] New Labour have increased maternity grants, promised greater help with childcare, and believe that these methods will help bring British families out of the poverty trap (Moore, 2002). Despite these policy changes there are a number of disadvantages that parents, and particularly women, face when it comes to paid work. While some jobs are seen as offering more flexibility working part-time, Crompton (1997) argues that this can also put women at a disadvantage as it is generally lower paid, has less job security and less opportunity for promotion. Although child care arrangements do have an effect on women’s working patterns, lack of proper child care is not the only reason women do not participate more fully in the workplace. For example, while the number of women in work has continued to rise only a third of single mothers with young children are economically active (HMSO, 1999). Despite Government initiatives such as Sure Start Centres, most lone mothers may not have sufficient extra support to return to the workplace, or they may only be offered low paid work which may leave them worse off than they were on benefits. Moore (2002), however, maintains that although women have been discriminated against in policy making, things are changing, men have more domestic responsibility than they did 20 years ago and also a much greater involvement with their children than in the past. The government has recognized this through their introduction of parental leave. In the past only mothers were entitled to such leave. Parental leaves means that both parents can take legitimate time off, but in many cases men’s leave is unpaid and so often not taken. Having said this, according to the Guardian (15/12/1999) 50% of people said that the introduction of parental leave would increase their loyalty to their employers, There has been some redistribution of resources under Labour but their policies still have a lot of drawbacks. Job creation schemes have not really helped the situation and families in receipt of working tax credits can end up worse off than they were when they were unemployed. Changes in thei r hours and mistakes made by those who pay these credits has caused an uproar in the media and financial problems for many families as their money is stopped without any reason being given or any notice. Therefore such policies can be double-edged. Conclusion This paper has attempted to give some idea of the policies that relate to working parents and their children. The New Right approach was to bring in means testing and family credit and basically assume that people’s families should help them out. As such the Conservative Government of the 1980s and ‘90s did little to address the needs of working parents. New Labour on the other hand has specifically target policies at the family but some of their policy making has a double edge. Critics regard New Labour’s efforts at change as an indistinct set of policies that harks back to old labour but swings to the right in its ideology. The introduction of working family tax credit has been a double edged sword with a huge amount of overpayments. Although New Labour has attempted to introduce more and better childcare, what there is, is still insufficient and exorbitantly expensive. It might therefore be concluded that successive Governments tend to hold on to outdated notions of the family and of welfare and that these work against the interests of working families. Bibliography Abbott and Wallace, 1997 An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge Abbott and Tyler 1995 Ethnic variation in the female labour force: a research note†in British Journal of Sociology 46 pp 330-353 Allan, Graham and Crow, Graham 2001 Families, Households and Society: Basingstoke: Palgrave Barrett and Mcintosh 1980 â€Å"The family wage: Some problems for socialists and Feminists† Capitlalism and Class 11 pp51-72 Blackburn, S. 1995 â€Å"How useful are feminist theories of the welfare state† Women’s History Review 4 (3) p.369-394 Epstein et al 1998 Failing boys: Issues in Gender and Achievement Buckingham, OUP Giddens, A. 2001 4th edition. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. HMSO 1999 Social Trends 29 London, HMSO Moore, S 2002 Social Welfare Alive (3rd ed) Cheltenham, Nelson Thorne Pascall, G. 1986 Social Policy: A Feminist Analysis London, Tavistock http://www.direct.gov.uk/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/TaxCredits/fs/en 1 Footnotes [1] Blackburn, S. 1995 â€Å"How useful are feminist theories of the welfare state† Women’s History Review 4 (3) p.369-394 [2] Pascall, G. 1986 Social Policy: A Feminist Analysis London, Tavistock [3]http://www.direct.gov.uk/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/TaxCredits/fs/en

Quest For Family Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Quest for Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1950’s were a decade of growth and expansion. Growth of the middle class, expansion of religion and a growing economy kept Americans on the move- literally. Families were moving from the cities and into the suburbs. â€Å"This massive shift in population from the central city was accompanied by a baby boom that started during World War II. Young married couples began to have three, four, or even five children (compared with only one or two children in American families during the 1930’s) (The American Story, pg. 729). This style of living began making the immediate family isolated from the extended family, making the extended family a thing of the past. â€Å"For many families, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives would become more distant figures seen on only special occasions† (The American Story, pg. 732). These new living standards were the result of a booming economy. The economic explosion was a result of the culmination of the war- Americans were no longer faced with the hardships of the depression and could indulge in material goods. This meant television, automobiles, or any other item from the long list of novelties that Americans craved found their way into the suburbs too. Religion also found its way into these communities. â€Å"Ministers priests and rabbis all commented ...